Week2 - Xaraingen

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# Landsat 9
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## A new milestone for Earth observation
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### Xiaoyi Chen, CASA, UCL
### 09/07/2024

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## 1 Introduction to Landsat 9
### 1.1 Landsat9 Overview

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020-07/Landsat_timeline_20200318_title.gif" alt="Timeline of the Landsat program" height="200%" />
<p class="caption">Timeline of the Landsat program</p>
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<div class="justify-text">
Landsat 9, launched in September 27, 2021, is a collaborative satellite mission between NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). It serves as a continuation of the Landsat program's legacy in Earth observation.
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source:[NASA](https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/timeline/)

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## 1 Introduction to Landsat 9

### 1.2 Mission Objectives

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The primary objectives of Landsat 9 include continuous monitoring of the Earth's surface, providing high-resolution Earth imaging data, and supporting various scientific research and applications such as land use monitoring, agriculture, forestry, urban planning, and environmental management.
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Landsat 9 Mission Logo: [View Media Details](https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-9#:~:text=Landsat%209%20is%20a%20partnership%20between%20the%20U.S.,for%20monitoring%2C%20understanding%2C%20and%20manag%C2%ADing%20Earth%E2%80%99s%20natural%20resources.)

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## 2 Landsat 9 Instruments

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The satellite carries two science instruments, the Operational Land Imager 2 (OLI-2) and the Thermal Infrared Sensor 2 (TIRS-2). 
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**Operational Land Imager 2 (OLI-2):**
OLI-2 is an advanced imaging instrument carried by Landsat 9, featuring high resolution and multi-band observation capabilities. It captures spectral characteristics of the Earth's surface, aiding in land surface identification and monitoring.

**Thermal Infrared Sensor 2 (TIRS-2):**
TIRS-2 is another crucial sensor specialized in measuring thermal infrared radiation from the Earth's surface. Landsat 9 utilizes TIRS-2 to acquire surface temperature data, providing valuable insights into climate change, land surface heat characteristics, etc.

<img src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/OLI2-TIRS-2.PNG" width="150%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
source:[source](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/environment-agency-working-day-and-night-to-reduce-flood-impact--2)

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## 2 Landsat 9 Instruments

| Band | Description               | Wavelength (µm)        | Resolution (m) |
|------|---------------------------|------------------------|----------------|
| 1    | Visible Coastal Aerosol   | 0.43 - 0.45            | 30             |
| 2    | Visible Blue              | 0.450 - 0.51           | 30             |
| 3    | Visible Green             | 0.53 - 0.59            | 30             |
| 4    | Red                       | 0.64 - 0.67            | 30             |
| 5    | Near-Infrared             | 0.85 - 0.88            | 30             |
| 6    | SWIR 1                    | 1.57 - 1.65            | 30             |
| 7    | SWIR 2                    | 2.11 - 2.29            | 30             |
| 8    | Panchromatic (PAN)        | 0.50 - 0.68            | 15             |
| 9    | Cirrus                    | 1.36 - 1.38            | 30             |
| 10   | TIRS 1                    | 10.6 - 11.19           | 100            |
| 11   | TIRS 2                    | 11.5 - 12.51           | 100            |

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The tables above list the spectral bands of the Operational Land Imager 2 (OLI-2) and the Thermal Infrared Sensor 2 (TIRS-2) on Landsat 9, detailing their respective wavelengths and resolutions.
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source:[USGS Technical Announcement (February 2022)](https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-9#:~:text=Landsat%209%20is%20a%20partnership%20between%20the%20U.S.,for%20monitoring%2C%20understanding%2C%20and%20manag%C2%ADing%20Earth%E2%80%99s%20natural%20resources.)

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## 3 Significance of the Landsat 9

1. **Observational Continuity**: Landsat 9 extends our ability to measure changes on a global scale, allowing us to differentiate between human-induced and natural changes. This continuity is essential for informed land use decisions.

2. **Improved Instruments**: Landsat 9 carries two science instruments:
   - **OLI-2**: Captures observations in visible, near-infrared, and shortwave-infrared light.
   - **TIRS-2**: Measures thermal infrared radiation (heat) from Earth's surfaces, improving upon Landsat 8's TIRS instrument.

3. **Temporal Coverage**: Landsat 9's orbit is eight days out of phase with Landsat 8, providing more frequent observations. Applications like tropical deforestation alerts, water quality monitoring, and crop condition reports benefit from this increased temporal coverage.

4. **Global Constellation**: Landsat has become a cornerstone of the global constellation of imagers. Its science quality and careful calibration make it a "gold standard" for harmonizing multiple sources of satellite imagery.

source:[Landsat 9 Mission Details](https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-mission-details/)

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## 4 Data Distribution and Utilization
<small>

- **Data Acquisition and Processing:**
Landsat 9 data can be obtained through various channels, including NASA and USGS official websites, data archives, etc. Additionally, various data processing tools and software are available for data analysis and processing.

- **User Support and Services:**
NASA and USGS provide various support and services for users, including data query, technical support, training, and educational resources, facilitating users in effectively utilizing Landsat 9 data.

- **Data Application Examples:**
Landsat 9 data has widespread application examples across various fields, including land use monitoring, agricultural production, urban planning, environmental protection, etc.

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## 5 Scientific Applications of Landsat 9

<div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-start; text-align: middle;">
  <figure style="margin: 0 5px; flex-basis: calc(31.3% - 2px);">
    <img src="https://pubs.usgs.gov/imgsizer/_?f=PNG&u=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fof%2F2017%2F1034%2Fcoverthb.jpg&w=200&s=b%27ojZS-G-tNDFw_kdPc76p47o3vFQ%27" style="width: 60%; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt=" "/>
    <figcaption style="font-size: 18px; text-align: left;">
      <strong>Agriculture and Forestry</strong>
      <ul style="list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 0; margin: 10px 0; text-align: left;">
        <li style="font-size: 18px;">Agricultural and forestry managers can leverage Landsat 9 data to monitor crop growth conditions, forest cover changes, etc., optimizing agricultural production and forest resource management.(Leslie et al., 2017)</li>
      </ul>
    </figcaption>
  </figure>

<figure style="margin: 0 5px; flex-basis: calc(31.3% - 2px);">
    <img src="https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/LandsatFactsheet_urban_front.png" style="width: 60%; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt=" "/>
    <figcaption style="font-size: 18px; text-align: left;">
      <strong>Land Use Monitoring</strong>
      <ul style="list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 0; margin: 10px 0; text-align: left;">
        <li style="font-size: 18px;">Landsat 9 data can be utilized for monitoring land use and cover changes, including agricultural expansion, urbanization, forest changes, etc., providing essential insights for land resource management and planning. (Wu, Q., 2024)</li>
      </ul>
    </figcaption>
  </figure>
  
  
  <figure style="margin: 0 5px; flex-basis: calc(36.3% - 2px);">
    <img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/508818/original/file-20230208-15-lbcw9x.gif?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=349&fit=crop&dpr=2" style="width: 90%; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" alt=" "/>
    <figcaption style="font-size: 18px; text-align: left;">
      <strong>Environmental Management</strong>
      <ul style="list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 0; margin: 10px 0; text-align: left;">
        <li style="font-size: 18px;">Landsat 9 data is crucial for environmental monitoring, natural resource conservation, and ecosystem management, facilitating the identification of ecologically sensitive areas, pollution monitoring, etc. Above images shows the shoreline retreat in the Parc Natural del Delta, Spai. Hansen et al., 2021</li>
      </ul>
    </figcaption>
  </figure>

</div>

source: [USDA/FAS and NASA/GSFC/GIMMS Global Agriculture Monitoring (GLAM) Project]( http://glam1.gsfc.nasa.gov/), [Wu, Q. (2024)](https://theconversation.com/how-to-use-free-satellite-data-to-monitor-natural-disasters-and-environmental-changes-198140), [Hansen et al., 2021](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034425712000314)

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## 6 Future Outlook
<img src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/full_width/public/media/images/L-Next-SpectralBands-.png?itok=mSGGEi4R" height="300%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
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Landsat Next, set to launch in late 2030 / early 2031, will enhance Earth observation with a **26-band superspectral** constellation, improving spatial and temporal resolution. The mission will feature three identical observatories, providing a 6-day revisit time and collecting 20 times more data than Landsat 9, with higher spatial resolutions and free data access for all users.

<br/>Source: [NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. (2024)](https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-next), [Wulder, M.A. et al., 2019](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425719300707),[Masek, J.G. et al., 2020](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034425720303382)

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## 7 Reflection

Landsat Next's enhancement of Earth observation with a 26-band superspectral constellation means there are more detectable spectra. Reflecting on the **progress from Landsat 8 to Landsat 9**, it is evident that significant advancements have been made, particularly in terms of a wider detection range. So, what has been added?

Reflecting on the evolution from Landsat 8 to Landsat 9, significant advancements are apparent. Landsat 9 has improved spatial resolution and temporal coverage, allowing for more frequent and accurate observations.

One of the key insights I gained is the importance of the Operational Land Imager 2 (OLI-2) and Thermal Infrared Sensor 2 (TIRS-2) in capturing high-resolution data across multiple spectral bands.

Therefore, I think the **Landsat Next** program is crucial for hardware upgrades, especially sensor upgrades and innovations. Achieving a wider range of detection performance is undoubtedly challenging but essential.

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## Reference
<small>

- NASA (2024) _Landsat Program: 50 Years of Earth Observations_. Available at: https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/timeline/ (Accessed: 5 July 2024).

- Leslie, C.R., Serbina, L.O., and Miller, H.M., 2017, _Landsat and agriculture—Case studies on the uses and benefits of Landsat imagery in agricultural monitoring and production: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report_ 2017–1034, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171034.

- Wu, Q. (2024). _Where to find satellite images and how to use them to monitor environmental changes_, NASA Earth Observatory. Available at: [URL] (Accessed: 5 July 2024)

- Hansen, M.C. and Loveland, T.R., 2012. _A review of large area monitoring of land cover change using Landsat data_. Remote Sensing of Environment, 122, pp.66-74.

- NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. (2024). _Landsat Next: Advancing Earth Observation Capabilities_. Available at: [https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-next](https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-next) (Accessed: 8 July 2024).

- Wulder, M.A., Loveland, T.R., Roy, D.P., Crawford, C.J., Masek, J.G., Woodcock, C.E., Allen, R.G., Anderson, M.C., Belward, A.S., Cohen, W.B., Dwyer, J., Erb, A., Gao, F., Griffiths, P., Helder, D., Hermosilla, T., Hipple, J.D., Hostert, P., Hughes, M.J., Huntington, J., … Zhu, Z., 2019. _Current status of Landsat program, science, and applications1Remote Sensing of Environment_, 225, pp.127-1472. DOI: [10.1016/j.rse.2019.02.0153](10.1016/j.rse.2019.02.0153).

- Masek, J.G., Wulder, M.A., Markham, B., McCorkel, J., Crawford, C.J., Storey, J. and Jenstrom, D.T., 2020. _Landsat 9: Empowering open science and applications through continuity1Remote Sensing of Environment_, 248, p.1119682.
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